Larson in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Larson in Nigeria Essay The legislation and the regulations by Nigerian officias has become one of the major problems of Larson. The value of the company by the Securities and Exchange Committee has been extremely low and the sales collection and payment to suppler are delayed in Nigeria. All these factors affect the liquidity and cash flow and raise the total cost of the company. Maintaining the operation was also complicated by problems in staffing. Expatiate staff is very costly. Additionally, entry visas for those expatriate are very complicated. The recruitment of qualified skilled experts is difficult and they are not staying long in the country. Because Larson had a promise to increase the share of local ownership, the local partners participation seems very important. If the local equity participation keeps very low like current situation, the profit of both companies will become little or even lost capital. Recommendation The vice-president of international operations should decide to continue the companys joint venture in Nigeria. However, the company needs to address the problems of coping with local indigenization and hire a new joint venture general manager. Discussions Although the expatriate general manager of the Nigerian operation has delivered a very negative report, the operation should still continue. There are great amount of demands for products in Nigeria and competitions seem not very high. Since different country have different business cultural, to successfully operate the company in Nigeria, we have to cope with their way of doing business. After the share of local ownership increase, they cultural of the business might change to the local way. And the company will have more access to negotiate with the government. As a result, after increase the local equity percentage, in order to maintain the business in Nigeria, Larsons first step is to deal with the Nigerian business cultural. This will help the company solve the problems of cooperate their joint venture partner with divergent views. In order to increase the cooperation, senior management might have to give early retirement to Ridley and hire a new joint venture general manager who has more adaptability. The new manager will help Larson to negotiate and keep good relation with the local equity side. Moreover, the new manager should have an excellent human recourses skill and understand the labour market. This will help the company with the staffing problem which they can hire or train the local experts.

Al Capone Essay -- essays research papers

Al Capone still remains one of the most notable residents of "the Rock." In a memoir written by Warden James Johnston, he reminisced about the intensity of public interest around Capone's imprisonment, stating that he was continually barraged with questions about "Big Al." Each day newspapers and press flooded his office with phone calls, wanting to know everything from how Capone liked the weather on "the Rock," to what job assignment he was currently holding. Before arriving at Alcatraz, Capone had been a master at manipulating his environment at the Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta. Despite strict convictions from the courts, Capone was always able to persuade his keepers into procuring his every whim, and often dictated his own privileges. It was said that he had convinced many guards to work for him, and his cell boasted expensive furnishings which included personal bedding along with many other amenities not extended to other inmates serving lesser crimes. His cell was carpeted, and also had a radio around which many of the guards would sit with Al conversing and listening to their favorite radio serials. His friends and family maintained residence in a nearby hotel, and each day he was flooded with visitors. Capone started his life of crime at a young age. Rumored to have started pimping prostitutes before reaching puberty, he was raised on the tough streets of Brooklyn and earned extra money as a bouncer in various brothels. By the age of twenty, Capone had moved to Chicago and was managing a popular nightclub named The Four Deuces. By 1924, Capone had his hand in various rackets, including prostitution rings, bootlegging, and gambling houses and was believed to be earning over $100,000 per week. Capone had mastered the art of politics, and as a wealthy, powerful gangster figure, he attempted to balance his activities. Despite his illegitimate occupation, he had become a highly visible public figure. He made daily trips to City Hall, opened soup kitchens to feed the poor, and even lobbied for milk bottle dating to ensure the safety of the city's children. City officials often were embarrassed by the politic strength of Capone, and began leveraging his illegal activities through police raids, along with setting intentional fires to his places of business. In the beginning, the public glamorized Capone's activities and... ...on Alcatraz, he made several attempts to con Johnston into allowing him special privileges, but all were denied. Johnston maintained that Capone would not be given any special rights and would have to follow the rules as would any other inmate. Capone eventually conceded and one day made the comment to Johnston, "It looks like Alcatraz has got me licked." Capone spent 4 Â ½ years on Alcatraz and held a variety of jobs. Capone's time on Alcatraz was not easy time. Capone got into a fight with another inmate in the recreation yard and was placed in isolation for eight days. While working in the prison basement, an inmate who was standing in line waiting for a haircut, exchanged words with Capone and stabbed him with a pair of shears. Capone was admitted into the prison hospital and released a few days later with a minor wound. Capone eventually became symptomatic from syphilis, a disease he had evidently been carrying for years. In 1938, he was transferred to Terminal Island Prison in Southern California to serve out the remainder of his sentence, and was released in November of 1939. Capone died on January 25, 1947, in his Palm Beach Mansion from complications of syphilis.

How does Steinbeck present the American Dream in ‘Of Mice And Men’ Essay

The American Dream is the term used for the dream that all American people share particularly during The Grate Depression. It could be argued that all the characters in the novel share this dream. The American Dream was a dream that nearly everyone had throughout the twentieth century. It was hope for a better life and people believed strongly that it would come true. The main characters in ‘Of Mice & Men’ have a dream which was to get a plot of land and live on it and become self-sufficient. The American Dream was not an achievable goal for many people. Steinbeck shows this failure through the characters of Lennie & George. We first heard about The American Dream when Lennie and George were sitting by the river at the beginning of the book. Their dream was one of independence. Workers like Lennie and George had no family, no home, and very little control over their lives. They had to do what the boss tells them and they had little to show for it. They only own what they can carry. Therefore, this idea of having such power over their lives is a strong motivation. The dream was a hope that every, rancher had an opportunity for a better life. Lennie and George, the two main characters, had such a dream, â€Å"Some day were gonna get a little place and a couple of acres†. The idea was to get a piece of land, grow crops and have an improved life there. They also new exactly what they were aiming for and what they wanted. Because of the World Depression at the time this dream seemed non-realistic, as no one had any money and people were struggling to get jobs. They all thought the dream would provide them with a better life, more money and a sense as belonging. The dream gave them a feeling of happiness and hope. The dream was also used as a source of comfort, Lennie would craftily use the dream to comfort George when he was angered, and George would bribe Lennie with the dream ‘But you ain’t gonna get in to no trouble, because if you do, I wont let you tend the rabbits.’ Later on in the story Candy joins in with the dream, this makes the dream seem more realistic, instead of just fooling themselves. This gives candy freedom and hope because without a job he would have no future. Apart from that he has all the same reasons as George and Lennie to want a ranch, (hope, success, happiness etc). Curly’s wife also tells us about her dream in the book. Her dream is different to the ranch workers; he dream is a typical woman’s dream to become famous in the movies. This was really all the women could do at the time, she was hoping for glamour and attention, to improve her status and have some independence. The reason for wanting the dream seems the same for everyone in the book even though they are different ‘types’ of people. We know that the dream is not realistic because crooks tells us and we believe crooks because he’s intelligent. We know this because in the description of his room it is said that he has books on his shelves. Crooks also tells us about his dream in the story and it practically identical to the others dreams. When Whit brings in the pulp magazine with the letter written by Bill Tenner, the men are all very impressed. They are not certain that Bill wrote the letter, but Whit is convinced he did, and tries to convince the others. In the transient life of these workers, it is rare to leave any kind of permanent mark on the world. In this letter Bill Tenner has achieved some of the immortality the other men cannot imagine for themselves. I think this upsets the workers a bit and makes them long for their dreams to come true even more In the conclusion of the story everyone’s dreams have been shattered. The dream is ported as a brutal struggle. And in impossible goal to achieve, this is showed in all characters but most in the two characters Lennie and George.

A Teacher Can Impact A Student s Life - 880 Words

Confucius, a famous Chinese teacher said, â€Å"Education breeds confidence. Confidence breeds hope. Hope breeds peace.† In the previous quote by Confucius, it is obvious that a teacher can impact a student’s life. Moreover (TRANS), the way a teacher generates hope and confidence provide a good equity at school for the students; therefore, a good teacher spread confidence in students, which may help them to be encouraged. Maintaining the right balance of strictness and friendliness, encouraging students, and finding the right teaching methods for each student are three of the many characteristics in becoming an inspirational teacher. First, maintaining the right balance of strictness and friendliness is one of the most impactful factors for a teacher who (AC) tries to have an appropriate relationship between students. Also, instructors are supposed to follow up with their students to understand students’ difficulties and their situation in life. Providing an emai l address, phone number, and office hours help students to keep in touch with their instructor. However, teachers need to keep the balance between friendliness and strictness; moreover, an inspirational instructor needs to set up some rules for the classroom environment. For example, the instructor may request students politely that they are not allowed to use their phone during the class because it distracts them from paying attention to the class and subject. However, instructors should not be hard for their studentsShow MoreRelatedA Teacher s Role Model941 Words   |  4 Pagessuccessful student is a role model, someone they look to in times of need, whether the need is correcting a paper or talking about their aspirations or even asking for advice. While many students have a parental or other influential adult there for them, there are many students that do not. They struggle to find the support needed to succeed not only academically but also in their lively ambitions. Teacher s have a moral obligation to be a role model and a helping hand to every student they meet.Read MorePersuasive Essay On Teen Suicide1235 Words   |  5 Pagesschools have a plethora of diversity. Students in schools all have different cultures, talents, and views that make them unique from one another. Schools feel full of culture due to diversity. A student s voice helps a school become a wonderful and lively place to learn. However, what happens when a student silences their voice forever by committing suicide? When a student dies in an accident, schools can mourn the death as a random occurrence. However, when a student kills themselves, a school feelsRead MoreEmotional And Behavioral Disorders Impact Today s System Of Learning1459 Words   |  6 PagesVarious studies have been conducted through centuries on the numerous types of emotional and behavioral disorders. From today s research of the disorders, mankind as a whole has a better understanding and can adapt to situations when under pressure of the existence of a disorder. Emotional and behavioral disorders impact today’s system of learning. Jean Cheng Gorman suggests from her research that having a deeper understanding of the emotional and behavioral disorders is the best way of maintainingRead More My Personal Philosophy of Education Essay examples960 Words   |  4 PagesMy Personal Philosophy of Education Ever since I was a little girl, I knew that in my future I wanted to become a teacher. I always looked up to my teachers, especially the ones I had in elementary school. I even played school with my friends and pretended I had my own classroom. I loved being in charge. During a summer, I was given the opportunity to work as an Energy Express mentor and work with a group of eight children. This was one of the most wonderful experiences I haveRead MoreChildren Of A Child s Life1630 Words   |  7 PagesThe People in a Child’s Life who Influence Learning the Most The human brain is most vulnerable to change throughout the early years of a person’s life due to its development. The people that enter a child’s life can alter their attitude and their effort later on. Most importantly, the skills that they are taught can stick with them until the day they die. Most people in a child’s life affect them in some miniscule way and although children never realize it, some people are more crucial to theirRead MoreA Brief Note On Finland s Education Program Essay1473 Words   |  6 Pagesmaterial in Finland’s educational policies to have every student succeed just as the Finns do. How the United States can do this is by, having qualified teachers, less standardised testing and a â€Å"true† no child left behind program. The first step to having each and every child succeed is to have qualified teachers. Many teachers in Finland are actually overqualified for their positions compared to teachers in the United States. Every teacher is required to have a three-year master’s degree and onlyRead MoreTeen Suicide And Suicide1145 Words   |  5 Pagesschools have a plethora of diversity. Students in schools all have different cultures, talents, and views that make them unique from one another. Schools feel full of culture due to diversity. A student s voice helps a school become a wonderful and lively place to learn. However, what happens when a student silences their voice for ever by killing themselves? When a student dies in an accident, schools can mourn the death as a random occurrence. However, when a student kills themselves, a school feelsRead MoreEffective And Ineffective Teacher Student Relationships807 Words   |  4 Pagesineffective teacher-student relationships and the results on student achievement and behavior. Marzano discusses the teacher’s personality not necessarily pertaining to the quality of T-S relationship. The teacher should act professionally as an advocate. Marzano claims that â€Å"Rather, the most effective T-S relationships are characterized by specific teacher behaviors: exhibiting appropriate levels of dominance; exhibiting appropriate levels of cooperation; and being aware of high-needs students.† DominanceRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Education And Education1038 Words   |  5 Pagesphilosophy of education, I had to ask myself what the purpose of education is. To me, the purpose of education is to teach students knowledge that is need ed to make it through school and to succeed in the world after graduation. Anyone can go into teaching, but not every teacher can teach. Teachers go above and beyond to introduce methods, philosophies, and strategies to help their students learn, as well as, retain the information. The type of method that I plan to use in the classroom would be the inquiry-basedRead MoreThe Effects Of Bullying On Students Within The School System920 Words   |  4 Pageswith one particular trait that some students or children carry. Bullying. Bullying over the course of the years still plays a role in the education system. Although the form of bullying has changed from the past to now, it still has an effect on students within the school systems. In the past there was the physical form of bullying where â€Å"jocks† would push the â€Å"nerds† into lockers or their books out of their hands. Another typical term used by bullies that anybody can recognize is, â€Å"give me your lunch

The United States And The Civil War - 920 Words

widely known in the United States as simply the Civil War as well as other sectional names, was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. Among the 34 states in January 1861, seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often simply called the South, grew to include eleven states, and although they claimed thirteen states and additional western territories, the Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal and did not declare secession were known as the Union or the North. The war had its origin in the fractious issue of slavery, especially the extension of slavery into the western territories. After four years of combat, which left over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South s infrastructure, the Confederacy collaps ed and slavery was abolished. Then began the Reconstruction and the processes of restoring national unity and guaranteeing civil rights to the freed slaves. In the 1860 presidential election, Republicans, led by Abraham Lincoln, supported banning slavery in all the U.S. territories, something the Southern states viewed as a violation of their constitutional rights and as being part of a plan to eventually abolish slavery. The Republican Party, dominant in the North, secured a majority of theShow MoreRelatedThe Civil War : The United States1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil War divided the United States with its’ origin in the struggle to preserve the Union from the Confederacy’s succession. A war to maintain the United States quickly progressed to battles fought because of the controversial beliefs on slavery in the North and South. In the coming of the Civil War there were questions and confusion that many Americans were faced with in the words of the South’s succession. During the war, families were torn due to the men lost to the Union or Confederate causesRead MoreThe United States Civil War918 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States civil war is thought of as what determined what kind of country we would be today. The U.S. civil war, otherwise known as the war of the states, began on April 12, 1861, and lasted until 1865. It consisted of the North (the Union) or the â€Å"free states†, against the South (the confederates) the slave states. When Abraham Lincoln became president in 1860 he made promises of free territories, which caused a division between men who owned slaves and men who agreed with Lincoln. SlavesRead MoreUnited States And The Civil War1668 Words   |  7 PagesUS Civil War United States of America was formed as a result of the revolution that continued from 1776 to 1783. After that, United States was divided into two wings/ parts that are the southern and the northern parts. Then conflict between the two aroused because the northern and the southern societies were totally different of each other in terms of economic structure, social class, politics and other social matters especially slavery. The civil war, that started in 1861 and ended in 1865, wasRead MoreThe Civil War : The United States909 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil War was one of the most pivotal and significant moments in the history of the United States of America. Therefore, its impact of the Civil War was tremendous, and in many ways has shaped the way the United States has evolved into the present. The Civil War brought lots of beneficial changes to America including economic, agriculture, military, and people’s lives. During the Civil War, women stepped out of their domestic do mains to help or support their husbands in the field, or other soldiersRead MoreThe Civil War Of The United States1605 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil War of the United States was a major and influential event in the history of our country. The Civil War shaped our nation and how we think of liberty in general. Such a big event in our antiquity must have been caused by a series of dominant events. However, a War of this size has many effects to go along with it. The most common effect thought of is the freedom of slaves, however, the Civil War was not just a war fought for freedom. One major cause of the Civil War was the issue of slaveryRead MoreThe Civil War Of The United States1561 Words   |  7 PagesCivil War Slaves Freedom can be defined as, â€Å"the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint†. (Definition) Everyone in the United States of America is entitled to this basic human right, presented to us by our founding fathers, though it was not always that simple. Even though it was in the Constitution, many people living before the mid 18th century in the United States were not extended this right, due to their nationality or lack of fortune. Someone lackingRead MoreThe Civil War Of The United States1233 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Blundering Generation† Division among a population for opposing goals wasn t a new concept brought to light by the Civil War. Almost one hundred years prior to the Civil War, inhabitants of the thirteen colonies fought against each other towards their differing support for their wages of unity. Patriots fought Loyalists for coalition of the colonies, and likewise Northerners now fought Southerners for the preservation of the Union. The imminent breakup of the Union, likewise to the dissolutionRead MoreThe Civil War Of The United States1440 Words   |  6 Pages The Civil War was one of the most deadly wars the United States ever fought it was fought between the North and South and to this day still leaves a big mark on the history of the United States. Though the Civil War seemed to be clear cut on what happened during the conflict its cause is to this day seemingly undecided. Was it the simple piece of legislature called the Kansas-Nebraska act that started it or the election of the United States president Abraham Lincoln that caused the turmoil? EitherRead MoreThe Civil War Of The United States1082 Words   |  5 Pagesof the United States was the Civil War. The Civil War is often remembered as the war to end slavery. While that did play a part of the Civil War the larger issue at hand was the annihilation of the United States of America. The Confederate States of America wanted to break away from the United States and form their own country. The Confederate States of America, or more commonly known as the Confederacy, was formed by seven slave states located in the southern region of the United States. The economyRead MoreThe Civil War : The United States1455 Words   |  6 PagesThe fairly young United States was a family of emancipated children who now had to fend for themselves, and with any group of young people, arguments are bound to arise. To continue with this metaphor the Civil War can be compared to siblings resulting to violence to get rid of the tension that had been increasing since is conception. The main issues that led to this war were that the north and the south had different views on slavery. Furthermore the south felt that the north would impose its lifestyle

Sociocultural Learning Theory Essay - 701 Words

â€Å"Leo Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist, introduced the Sociocultural Learning Theory. His quote that â€Å"through others we become ourselves† could be the quintessence of the Sociocultural Learning Theory, which supports that learning is a social process†. This article consists of three main sections: a brief overview of sociocultural approaches; an examination of sociocultural method; and an overview of sociocultural contributions to research and applications to classroom learning and teaching. It explains the differences between sociocultural theories based on Vygotskys contributions and other perspectives reviewed on this issue. It also reviews the ways in which Vygotsky’s methods were different than those of Piaget’s approaches to the†¦show more content†¦Vygotsky (1978) found that it is cultural influences that which shapes the child’s mental development, not the child that shapes culture. Secondly, another key in Sociocultural Learning is Language. The theory, language is a direct result of the symbols and tools that emerge within a diverse culture. An individual can learn language through a variety of events and different life situations. Using the Sociocultural Learning theory can all result in the success of language. According to Vygotsky (1978): This aspect of the Sociocultural Learning Theory relies upon the idea that learners go through three stages of speech development. First, they must engage in the social environment, which is known as â€Å"social speech† and begins at the age of 2. Next, they will learn about â€Å"private speech†, which occurs when learners voice their thoughts aloud, and begins at the age of 3. The last is â€Å"inner speech†, which takes the form of ideas that remain within our minds and directly impact our behavior or thoughts, and begins at the age of 7. Thirdly, the article also summarizes the Zone of Proximal Development in the Sociocultural Theory, which is distance between a learners possible educational development. This is determined through problem solving activities to regulate the learner’s progress. It is measured when the learner is asked to engage in these tasks under the direction of a teacher. ThisShow MoreRelatedSociocultural Theory And Second Language Learning902 Words   |  4 PagesSociocultural Theory and Second Language Learning â€Å"Language is the most pervasive and powerful cultural artefact that humans possess to mediate their connection to the world, to each other, and to themselves† [Lantolf Thorne 2006:201]. The idea of mediation inherent in this notion of the language is a fundamental element of Sociocultural Theory [SCT], one of the most influential approach to learning and mental development since 1990s’, drawing on its origin from the work of soviet psychologistRead MoreSociocultural Approaches And The Construction Of Knowledge1650 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Sociocultural approaches emphasize the interdependence and individual processes in the construction of knowledge†.(John-Steiner,V and Mahn,H 1996).The real understanding of constructivism is only paying much attention on the learners’ previous experience and background knowledge .It maintains that individuals create or construct their own new understandings or knowledge through the interaction of what they alre ady believe and the ideas,events,and activities with which they come into contact.(FacultyRead MoreEssay on The Value of Play1370 Words   |  6 PagesThere are numerous theories of play and countless theorists, from Freud and Spencer to Piaget and Vygotsky, who have studied play in relation to what it is and what it does for the child. This essay will outline the definition and value of play and the importance of how it can foster the child’s learning in regards to these theorists who studied the effects in great detail. It will discuss the how the environments constructed by educators can impact play and the theories of learning relating to theRead MoreThe Development Of Human Development Essay1266 Words   |  6 Pages childhood and adolescence to adulthood. In this essay I will analyse two practiced based experiences to demonstrate my understanding of human development. For my first practiced based experience, I will be drawing on Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Development Theory. His key concepts of The Zone of Proximal Development, More Knowledgeable Others, and Internalisation. For my second practiced based experience I will draw on Erik Erikson’s Theory of Identity Development. His key concept of psychosocialRead MoreSociocultural Theory And Second Language Learning1856 Words   |  8 PagesSociocultural Theory and Second Language Learning â€Å"Language is the most pervasive and powerful cultural artefact that humans possess to mediate their connection to the world, to each other, and to themselves† [Lantolf Thorne 2007:201]. The idea of mediation inherent in this notion of the language is a fundamental element of Sociocultural Theory [SCT], one of the most influential approaches to learning and mental development since the 1990s, drawing its origin from the work of soviet psychologistRead MoreSimilarities Between Piaget And Vygotsky And Cognitive Development953 Words   |  4 PagesDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGIST This paper will explore two influential men whose theories have a remarkable influence on development and learning. Second, this essay will examine Piaget and Vygotsky’s background, each hypothesis as it relates to cognitive development and education, the similarities and differences, the impact of having better insight into and understanding the concept of learning. Developmental science involves looking at the entire realm of human thought, behavior, and expression (SteinbergRead MoreLanguage Acquisition : The Perspective And The Cognitive Perspective1348 Words   |  6 Pagesacquisition, there are several methods for the most effective way English Language Learners (ELLs) understand and retain new information. The two main camps concerning language acquisition are the sociocultural perspective and the cognitive perspective. From there, there have been many frameworks and theories that have stemmed from these two perspectives: The Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP), Krashen’s input (comprehension) and monitor approach, Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal DevelopmentRead MoreLearning Styles And Sociocultural Influences On Child And Adolescent Development1641 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will describe child and adolescent behaviours reported in the media and will examine the link to development theories, learning styles and sociocultural influences on child and adolescent development. As a developing secondary school preserve teacher, my focus will be mainly on adolescent behaviours and development. I will be examining an article from a media how these developmental theories analyses and helps us to understand the behaviour of child and adolescents. I will also try toRead MorePiaget And Vygotsky Influence On Child Development1569 Words   |  7 Pagesperceive the world around them?. Children are already learning at birth, and they build up and learn at a rapid pace in their early years when the environment, livelihoods, and relationships they experience have profound effects. (Allen, 2015, p. 1) Their growth is not just, speedy but also growing. Children#39;s health, development, and early learning provide a groundwork on which later learning—and lifelong progress—is built. This essay will discuss influences on human development and learnRead MoreMeaningful Learning1933 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Human learning is a complex and dynamic process such that there is no one definitive definition of learning; yet, there is a shared definitional assumption that learning is â€Å"a long-term change in mental representations or associations as a result of experience† (Ormrod, 2012, p. 4). That is to say, learning can be defined by the description of how human experience takes place (Shuell, 1986). In this regard, I view that human experience takes place through the interaction between individuals

The Importance of Attachment free essay sample

Early Relationships play an important role in the development of children’s behaviours. Building relationships as early as possible is very important. One way of doing this is bonding. This happens in very early infancy and is critical to growth and development. Parents need to be aware of the importance of interacting and communicating with their baby from the earliest days. Bonding early shapes how the brain develops, this will later determine their health and wellbeing. This bonding will help them to be able to adapt to their surrounding and this will also impact on their ability to form positive relationships. For some children that are in care or from difficult families, their attachments may not be formed as easily as those who do not have the same circumstances. There are many theories that have evidence supporting bonding and attachment. Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues were interested in studying the reactions of babies when the parents/carers left and returned to rooms. They came up with three different theories : Anxious avoidant- The baby ignores parents and shows little sign of distress when the parent leaves, they continue to play. The baby ignores the parent when they return. The baby doesn’t like being alone but can be comforted by a stranger. These children do not show a preference between their main carer and a complete stranger. Research suggests that this may be a result of care that is abusive or neglectful. Children will not seek help and support from their carer if they have experienced punishment for doing so before. Securely Attached- Baby plays while parents are present but shows visible distress when parents leave and they no longer play. The baby is easily comforted when parent returns and will continue playing. Baby will cry when alone because the parents aren’t there but can be partly comforted by strangers. These children are able to show independence and will react positively when their parents return. These children are confident that their parents will return and are also confident that their parents will provide comfort when they are in need of it and will approach their parents for reassurance. Anxious – resistant- Baby is wary and explores the room less that other behaviour types but is very distressed when parents leave and will resist strangers attempt to comfort. They want immediate contact with parents on return but baby will show frustration and anger alongside clinginess for example wanting to be picked up and held but then immediately struggling to get down. These children are very distressed when left with strangers and are not easily comforted when parents return. This attachment style is fairly uncommon and research suggests that it is the result of the carer not being available to the child when needed. Further research then when on to show that children who presented the secure attachment then went on to develop better intellectually and socially that the others. Ainsworth believed like Bowlby that the quality of the attachment the child forms depends on the quality of care from the main carer and how sensitive the parents and carers are to the child’s needs. Another theory behind attachment and bonding is John Bowlby’s theory of attachment. Bowlby believed in something called â€Å"Monotropy† This is the theory that babies need to form one main attachment and that this relationship would be special and of more importance to the child than any other. Bowlby suggested that in most cases this relationship would be formed with the mother, but that it could be formed with the father or another person. This worked alongside his other theory known as the â€Å"Critical period†, he believed that babies needed to have developed their main attachment by the age of one year and that during the child’s first four years prolonged separation from this main carer would cause long term psychological damage. Bowlby believed that children â€Å"need parenting† and he showed this through findings and research. Simply meeting a child’s physical and care needs is not enough for healthy growth and development. Children need to have a main attachment in their early lives that will give them constant support. He also identified that children show distress when they are separated from their main carer and this is often referred to as â€Å"separation anxiety† he linked this with the fact adults that had been separated from their mothers in infancy would then go on to not be able to form deep and lasting relationships. This was known as â€Å"Maternal deprivation. † Another theory was researched by a pair called Robertsonamp;Robertson. In the 1940’s they looked at the short-term effects of deprivation when parents were not allowed to visit their children in hospital as they were told that it would be too upsetting for the child. This meant long term periods in hospital formed a kind of deprivation for the child. The pair looked at how children coped with being separated from their mothers and carried out observations and filmed the reactions of the children. Children showed extreme distress when the mothers left with a great deal of crying. The children were unhappy and would not take part in normal play activities. Finally the children would begin to play again but when their mothers returned thy either ignored them or rejected their attention. Robertson and Robertson came up with the idea that during the separation the children were very distressed and when they returned home they were less attached, less happy and less affectionate as they had been prior to hospital deprivation. This study had a big effect on hospital visiting hours which are now extended meaning parents can even stay in hospital with the children. The children are also prepared for hospital beforehand. Many young children attend nurseries and day centres as part of their daily routine and there is now many studies into whether or not this is harmful to young children. Some studies show that good quality childcare is not damaging to the child if they have a close relationship with their main carers when at home. Michael Rutter was another psychologist that researched privation and the effects on children in care and adopted children. In the 1990’s many Romanian orphanages were understaffed and overcrowded, this lead many western families to adopt the children. Rutter went on to look at the progress of some of these children that were adopted by British families. He compared these orphans with British children who had been adopted to compare the effects of maternal deprivation with privation from neglect. He discovered that initially the Romanian orphans had delayed development and were very underweight whereas the British Children were not. After four years the Romanian and British children’s development was the same. He concluded that children who have had early privation then receive good quality care will have better chance or healthy development. However not all the Romanian children caught up in their development and the effects were more severe for the children who had spent longer time in care. Development of Attachment: Research into attachment has been a big focus to the media and a source of stress. This particularly to mothers who return to work after having a baby. It is very important that the carer and infant develop a strong attachment initially during feeding time and through the physical contact this brings to them both. This will also form when the child is being cuddled, changed and washed. The bond will also depend on how sensitive and responsive the carer is. It has been shown that carers that respond sensitively to the children’s needs in different situations such as crying feeding and play. This will then allow the attachment to be secure. There are many practical ways attachments can be helped in forming. Feeding: This moment when the baby is being fed is special as the baby is relaxed, secure and comforted into the adult. It is very important that during this time the adult focuses on the baby. In some settings they ensure good practice by using the same adult to feed the baby. This will help an attachment to be made. Many parents may talk softly, stroke their baby’s cheeks or head and make eye contact. These behaviours should be copied in early year’s settings. Sensitivity and Responsiveness: The way a parent or Key worker responds to a child seems to be one of the strongest indicators of a strong attachment bond. The adult is tuned into what the baby wants and this means that they can recognise the different types of cries easily and can quickly interpret what the baby wants and needs. Physical Contact: Attachments are also reinforced by the handling of the baby, by cuddling omforting and rocking the baby these are obvious ways parents and key workers can respond to the baby. A lack of physical contact can be damaging for babies so it is considered as good practice for those working in early years settings to spend time responding physically to young children. Time and care-giving: Parents and carers are recognised by babies but they still n eed to spend time with them to build and attachment. Research has shown that responding to the child’s physical needs only does not necessarily guarantee attachment. This could happen simply by passing a toy to a child who is pointing towards it and other things such as bathing and washing. There are four indicators that will present that a child has made a secure attachment, either with carers or in early years settings, here are the four indicators: *The baby will be actively seeking to be near the other person *Crying or showing visible distress when that person leaves or is no longer visible *Showing joy or relief when that person appears or returns. * Awareness of that person’s presence for example looking up at them, responding to their voices and following their movements. Factors affecting children’s behaviour: Transitions: This means a change from one situation into another for example going from year 6 at primary school into a much larger school as a year 7. A child may feel scared, worried excited angry or uncomfortable whilst going through this change and this will affect their behaviour. The child may behave in a way that’d unlike them normally. They may be distant from the rest of the family showing signs in their behaviour such as not leaving their room, not sitting with the family at meal times etc. A child struggling with this change may also not want to go to school; they may complain of illness or may even bunk off school without parents knowing. Being Bullied: Many children will experience this and it can affect children in different ways, some more extreme than others such as taking their own lives and self harm can be results of bullying. In some less extreme situations children may act differently. They may not want to attend school or may fall behind in class as a lack of concentration or from being upset. Bullying happens at different ages and children will react differently. Children may go through bullying of different types such as younger children could be verbal and being left out and older children may begin to go through cyber bullying. The children may feel alone during this time and will not reach out to anyone as they are embarrassed. It is important parents can recognise this sometimes it may be difficult than others but the sooner you can react the better. Children should be monitored when using the computers i. e. ocial networking as this is a big place for younger children that will become venerable to bullying. Living in a reconstituted family: It is very popular in today’s society for families to be made up of different parents such as step parents half brothers and sisters and even grandparents living in family homes. Reconstituted means a family has been broken up and put back together in a different way to make a new family or this could even be two different families. In these families there is at least one child who is not the birth child of both adults. Parents may separate or divorce and they may meet another partner and create a new family. Many children now live with step siblings and parents and half siblings. This can majorly affect a child’s behaviour. The child may feel left out and even replaced. Some parents may not see their birth children as much as the step children they live with. The children could become jealous and try everything to prevent the parents being together. Younger children may react worse such as biting and kicking their step siblings as they may not understand as much as older children. They may feel as if their house has been taken over and will not want to share or spend time with the other children. Older children may argue with the other children and use louder voices and aggressive behaviour towards the siblings or parents. Puberty: Puberty is when the body is beginning to go through a change and this happens at different ages, children as young as 9 can go through this. Children will begin to grow, they will grow hair in places that they are not comfortable with. They will also grow taller and girls will begin to grow breasts. Boys will have deeper voices this will happen to children at different ages. Some children will not experience this until they are older and may feel left out or â€Å"not normal† if other children are going through it. The child’s hormones will be unbalanced and this can cause mood swings. The children may want to be left alone during this time but it is important you explain that you are there for them if need be. Girls may begin their menstrual cycle and this can be a very confusing and embarrassing time. This may affect younger children in a negative way as they may not understand what is happening to them, older children will have the understanding as they will be learning at school and parents may be talking to them getting them familiar with puberty. The children may behave aggressively towards parents if they haven’t received the support they needed during this time. Having a communication difficulty: Children may have difficulties communicating this could be through different ways such as; Hearing difficulties, speech and language and even sight difficulties. The child may struggle during this period of time if the need is not recognisable. The child may feel ignored and will easily become frustrated. The child will not feel comfortable and will be upset if their needs are not met. Children may not achieve academically if they are not supported with their needs. Younger children may not be able to express how they feel so will refuse any support for a while whereas older children may act aggressively towards the help. Over critical parents: Some children may live in families where the parents are very hard to please and will criticise whatever the child does. The child will be seen as not good enough for the parents. Children thrive on praise and recognition and research has shown the more of this apparent in children’s lives the more likely they are to do well and have top paid jobs and good education. The children that have little of this will feel upset that their parents are ashamed of them. Whatever they do is not good enough so will not put effort into doing good things and may turn this into negativity and rebel against the parents. Older children may Sercombe to peer pressure such as drugs and alcohol and shop lifting. This may be their way of receiving attention from their parents. Although the attention is negative it is still need by the child who will continue doing these bad things. Many parents will be strict with the children and push them into doing things they do not want to do but the parents will thrive off of this. Children may not be congratulated for exam and test results so will feel as if they are not important and will eventually not do their best in them.