Aether Definition in Alchemy and Science

Aether Definition in Alchemy and Science There are two related science definitions for the term aether, as well as other non-scientific meanings. (1) Aether was the fifth element in alchemical chemistry  and early physics. It was the name given to the material that was believed to fill the universe beyond the terrestrial sphere. The belief in aether as an element was held by medieval alchemists, Greeks, Buddhists, Hindus, the Japanese, and the Tibetan Bon. Ancient Babylonians believed the fifth element to be the sky. The fifth element in the Chinese Wu-Xing was metal rather than aether.(2) Aether was also considered the medium that carried light waves in space by 18th and 19th Century scientists. Luminiferous ether was proposed in order to explain the capacity of light to propagate through apparently empty space. The Michelson-Morley experiment (MMX) led scientists to realize there was no aether and that light was self-propagating. Michelson-Morley Experiment and Aether The MMX experiment was performed at what is now Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio in 1887 by Albert A. Michelson and Edward Morley. The experiment used an interferometer to compare the speed of light in perpendicular directions. The point of the experiment was to determine the relative motion of matter through the aether wind or luminiferous aether. It was believed light required a medium in order to move, similar to the way sound waves require a medium (e.g., water or air) to propagate. Since it was known light could travel in a vacuum, it was believed the vacuum must be filled with a substance called aether. Since the Earth would revolve around the Sun through the aether, there would be a relative motion between the Earth and the aether (the aether wind). Thus, the speed of light would be affected by whether the light was moving in the direction of the Earths orbit or perpendicular to it. The negative results were published in the same year and followed up with exp eriments of increased sensitivity. The MMX experiment led to the development of the theory of special relativity, which does not rely on any aether for the propagation of electromagnetic radiation. The Michelson-Morley experiment is considered to be the most famous failed experiment. (3) The word aether or ether may be used to describe apparently empty space. In Homeric Greek, the word aether refers to the clear sky or pure air. It was believed to be the pure essence breathed by gods, while man required air to breathe. In the modern usage, aether simply refers to invisible space (e.g., I lost my email to the aether.) Alternate Spellings: Æther, ether, luminous aether, luminiferous aether, aether wind, light-bearing ether Commonly Confused With: Aether is not the same thing as the chemical substance, ether, which is the name given to a class of compounds containing an ether group. An ether group consists of an oxygen atom connected to two aryl groups or alkyl groups. Aether Symbol in Alchemy Unlike many alchemical elements, aether does not have a commonly accepted symbol. Most often, it was represented by a simple circle.

Cassandras Rantâ€Comedic Female Monologue

Cassandra's Rant- Comedic Female Monologue This funny monologue for actresses comes from an educational comedy play called The Greatest Play Ever Written by Wade Bradford. Written in 2011, the premise of the play is that the narrator attempts to write the greatest play ever by combining all the major literary elements: conflict, genre, character, irony, symbolism. The scene that includes Cassandras monologue is  a comic mash-up that pokes fun at various characters and situations famed in  Greek mythology. The complete script is available at  Heuer Plays.   Character Introduction- Cassandra According to ancient legends, Cassandra could predict the future, yet no one ever believed her. According to Greek mythology, she was the daughter of King Priam and Queen Hecuba of Troy. Legend also has it that Apollo gave her the ability to tell prophecy to seduce her, but when she still refused he cursed her so that no one would believe her prophecies.   She foretold that Pariss capture of Helen would cause the famed Trojan War and the destruction of her city. But since the Trojans welcomed Helen, Cassandra was seen as misunderstood or even a mad woman. Monologue Summary and Analysis In this scene, Cassandra is at a party in the city of Troy. While everyone around her celebrates the marriage of Paris and Helen, Cassandra can feel that something is not right. She mentions: All is twisted and sour- and I am not just talking about the fruit punch. Can you not see all of the signs? Cassandra complains about all of the ominous signs around her by pointing out the ironic behavior of the party guests around her, such as: Hades is the Lord of the Dead, yet hes the life of the party ... Prometheus the Titan  gave us the gift of fire, but hes banned smoking. Ares has made peace with the fact that his brother Apollo isnt very bright ... Orpheus only speaks the truth, but he plays a lyre ... And Medusa just got stoned. The play on words and allusion to Greek mythology creates jokes that tend to be a crowd-pleaser, especially for literature geeks who dont take themselves too seriously. Finally, Cassandra ends the monologue by saying, We are all doomed to die. The Greeks are preparing an attack. They will lay siege to this city and destroy this city and everyone within these walls shall perish by flame and arrow and sword. Oh, and youre out of napkins. The mixture of contemporary colloquial speech and dramatic presentation reserved for Greek plays creates a comedic juxtaposition. Plus, the contrast between the gravity of everyone being doomed to die with the triviality of having no napkins finishes the monologue with a humorous touch.

GANGS AND GANG SUBCULTURES CJM 330 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

GANGS AND GANG SUBCULTURES CJM 330 - Essay Example Among the various areas of the US, the region of Los Angeles is deemed to be crowded with considerable number of ganging activities. Contextually, in the present day scenario, there are various gangs operating in the city, out of which, the street gangs are seen to be quite notorious and dangerous (Howell, 2011). Among the major gangs active in Los Angeles today, the Mexican Mafia is regarded as one of the most dangerous gangs. The gang is one of the oldest in the US and work in parallel with other traditional gangs of the country. The gang is quite organized and operates following specific rules made by them. Its major rivals include Black Guerrilla Family and Hispanic gang among others. The gang is primarily formed on grounds of ethnic issues as they claim to protect the integrity and wellbeing of their races thorough their activities. To be noted, the gang has been involved in numerous criminal activities in several decades but in the recent times it became quite active in Los Ang eles. The leader of the group was arrested in the 2012 for involving in activities of drug dealing in the northern area of Los Angeles. Reports also suggest that the gang was also involved in harassing and torturing the black people in southern regions (Inside Prison, n.d.). Conclusively, it can be affirmed that the gang is quite active in Los Angeles with their continuous criminal activities over the last decade. As a matter of concern, the police declared Mexican Mafia, active in Los Angeles, as one of the most dangerous and notorious gangs in comparison to other smaller groups within the community. The primary intention of this particular assignment is to depict the emergence and the growth of traditional gangs in the US over the past decades. Contextually, it has been noted that gangs started to emerge in this particular region of the world during the 1920s and is continually flourishing in the modern day era. The reasons of gang formation

Exercise research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exercise research - Essay Example Please provide answers to the following three (3) questions. The results of your investigations may be, summarised in a table like the one below. A word count of between 300 and 400 words for each answer is required. Please do not exceed the word count, as this will not gain any additional marks. Each answer must include references to each article you have used to answer each question: Please use the Library Portal to find three (3) sources of information that clarifies this claim. Summarise the nature and extent of the problem based on the information you used from your selected articles. There is no doubt that the frequency of computer related fraud and crime had grown in the past few years. One of the rampant and challenging problems is digital piracy of entertainment material and software applications. Craig Kuhl, in his New York Times article, points out the prospects and problems facing the digital media industry in light of threat from piracy and copyright infringement: â€Å"The stakes are high: Worldwide online video revenue is expected to exceed $4.5 billion by 2012, up from $1.2 billion in 2008. And by 2012, according to In-Stat, 90% of U.S. households will have access to broadband, with 94% watching online video. An IMS Research study estimates that by 2013, 255 million TV households worldwide will be watching HDTV and the number of unique HD titles increased by 161% over the first six months of this year, and the number of on-demand orders jumped to 3 billion in 2007. Meanwhile, the Motion Picture Association of America puts annual losses to film piracy at a whopping $18 billion†. (Craig Kuhl, 2008, p.22) Surely, 18 billion dollars is a significant loss to an industry that is also vulnerable to several other risk factors. Other threats to computer systems worldwide come in the form of viruses, worms and Trojan horses. The issue of financial and information losses from these

Analyzing Level of Development in Hong Kong Essay

Analyzing Level of Development in Hong Kong - Essay Example It is of fascinating to see how Hong Kong has risen to become an economy that is now ranked along with the big wigs of fully developed countries. Development in this context is the maximum utilization of the resources within a given area or country(Haq, 1995). There are multiple universally accepted indicators on how well developed a country is which can either be based on economic factors such as GDP, GNI and PPP, or socio-indicators such as availability and efficiency of public services, provision of health services, accessibility of education among others (Haq 1995). Over the past century to date, Hong Kong has come a long way, for in the nineteen thirties she would have been categorized as an underdeveloped economy. By the start of the Second World War, Hong Kong was still a British colony. On the 25th December 1941, Japan seized her, and occupied the country until August 1945. At the time of the occupation, the Hong Kong economy suffered a great setback. There was rapid inflation and severe food shortages since the Japanese were preserving food for their army. In this harsh environment, there was little economic growth fostered, with advances coming almost to a standstill. In addition, the official currency, the Hong Kong dollar was outlawed and replaced by the Japanese Military Yen. By 1945, the population of Hong Kong had shrunk by half, down front the pre-occupation number of 1.5 million inhabitants (Tsang, 2004). In recent years, Hong Kong has faced challenges and drawbacks at a national level that have had negative impacts on her economy. In 2003, there was an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) which led to a drastic decrease in the number of international tourists and a fall in the price of property by 66%.. The bird flu pandemic (H5N1), which had broke out on a full scale around the same time, but had been around for years led to the loss of poultry and chicken by the millions(BEAPA,2008). Another recent setback to the growth of the Hong Kong economy was the Asian financial crisis that occurred between the late part of 1997 and earl 1998. There was a collapse in the stock markets of some south East Asia, Hong Kong being one of them leading to a sharp depreciation in the value of their currencies. These had been preceded by the devaluation of the currencies of the economies involved. It took a while for Hong Kong to regain her momentum from this impediment (Gary,2003). factors that have worked in Hong Kong's favor towards development There are several factors that have fostered Hong Kong's rapid economic growth, one being that the Hong Kong market is friendly and liberal, thus she is quick to adapt to changes in international marketing trends. Her banking system has a rock solid base, she carries minimal public debt and sufficient foreign exchange reserves. These factors are coupled with a strong legal system and a staunch stand taken in fighting corruption (BEAPA, 2008). She has benefited from China's joining the World Trade Organization in that the latter markets her as a growing commercial hub with an amiable business environment,

Reflection on Critical Care of COPD Patient

Reflection on Critical Care of COPD Patient Foundations of critical care. Introduction The aim of this essay is to present a situation in describing my experiences caring for am identified female patient, and reflecting upon the issues which arose during one shift in a Critical Care unit. The reflective analysis will be carried out using Johns model of reflection (1995) which incorporates Carpers fundamental ways of knowing. This includes aesthetic, personal, ethical and empirical knowing and re flexibility. The purpose of the reflection is to understand better the ways of knowing applied to the situation, and to build upon this knowledge to improve future practice. Case Description. The chosen patient is a 59 year old female with a history of COPD and asthma. For the purposes of this essay, she will be called Jane. Jane had a severe infective exacerbation of COPD, which resulted in PEA Cardiac arrest in the admission medical unit secondary to type 2 respiratory failure, although it was a brief period of output loss only. Jane was intubated and transferred to the critical care unit, and since then she has had difficulty being ventilated due to bronchospasm/air trapping. At the time that I took over care for this patient, she had been on the critical care unit, on ventilatory support, for 12 days. Reflection (based on John’s Model and Carper’s Fundamental Ways of Knowing). AESTHETIC KNOWING: As I came on shift, the ventilation mode was on BIPAP, ASB 15, PEEP 10, I:E 1:3, FIO2 .65 via tracheostomy tube. Upon assessment at the beginning of the shift her BP 110/40, map was 60mmhg despite of noradreanline, and core temperature was 38.6 with improving markers of inflammation. The CVP had fallen to 8, but there was good urine output, 45-70 mls per hour over the previous four hours, with hourly urine measurements continuing. There was an intercostal drain in situ for a pneumothorax which developed post subclavian line insertion. Jane was sedated on midazolam and morphine sulphate infusion. She wass also paralysed with Vecuronium infusion to optimise ventilation, in the light of the previous difficulties. Jane was also on noradrenaline and actrapid insulin infusion, both of which aimed to maintain homeostasis. She was fed via nasogastric tube with Osmolite 60mls/hr with water 50 mls/hr, the latter because her sodium level had been rising when the serial U+Es were reviewed. I als o noted also her heart rate rising up to 148b/m, and was aware that she had had an episode of SVT on the previous day, with a loading dose of amiodarone having been given on that day. Having noted these findings, I reported to the Doctor that the patient may be dehydrated and need significantly increased fluids, perhaps an IV fluid challenge, as it had been noted that her CVP was declining, that she was hypotensive, and that urine output had started to tail off . This finding was supported by the fact that the patient was tachycardic. In response, the doctor prescribed 500mls of Gelofusin and an amiodarone infusion for 24 hours to be restarted. The care of this patient involved frequent, close observations, and these were what initially alerted me to the changes in the patient’s condition. The reduced central venous pressure was the first indicator, which was accompanied by consistently low blood pressure readings. This was despite the patient being medicated with noradrenaline, which should have brought about an increase in blood pressure and CVP. These, accompanied by the tachycardia, made me wonder whether the patient might be dehydrated, quite severely. The plan for the shift then became to give the patient a fluid challenge, in the form of the Gelofusin infusion, and to optimise her electrolyte levels, monitor and correct her pc02, and improve her positioning to improve V/Q mismatch. It was my responsiblity to report to the doctor or nurse co-ordinator if there were any untoward changes with the patients observations. There were a lot of issues surrounding the care of such a patient, and I believed that I was making decisions based upon previous experiences, a degree of previously developed innate knowledge, and other knowledge, including empirical knowledge. However, I also felt that it was hard to combine all the observations, results, care plans, orders and the like into an overall consciousness of the patient’s current condition. This leads into the next section of the reflection, that of personal knowing. PERSONAL KNOWING: The personal knowing relates to some innate knowledge, and this is based on experience. I have in past practice previously looked after patients who were haemodymically unstable and needed prompt intervention. In fact, I felt a degree of confidence with this kind of patient. However, this was different to having to look after a long term complicated case, a woman who had demonstrated such difficulty to ventilate (due to broncho- spasm/air trapping), was challenging. The fact that the patient was paralysed, with a vecuronium infusion was something entirely new to me, which caused concern and a little distress. However, from my previous experience I felt very strongly that thei patient might require fluid challenge due to the observations already discussed. I was concerned that day if it was left untreated for much longer, Jane patient might develop metabolic acidosis, and potentially acute renal failure due to hypoperfusion and hypovolaemic shock due to the decrease in circulating volume. I identified this as an opportunity to be proactive, and although everyone around me seemed more concerned with oxygen pressures and ventilation, I felt that it was important to consider other aspects of the patient’s condition as well. ETHICAL KNOWING Ethical knowing in this case was very acute, because of the level of dependence of the patient, who was dependent on nursing and medical staff for every one of her activities of daily living. Addressing one of these needs that I sensed other staff may have overlooked meant that I was able to be proactive. Discussing with the doctor that the patient might need a fluid challenge made me feel that I had acted as an advocate for my patient, but also that I had made good use of the knowledge I already had, even if I did not feel I had enough specialist knowledge to address some of the patient needs. The patient’s social and emotional needs were also an important part of ethical knowing. Jane lives alone, and her sister is her next of kin. Her sister kept calling the unit for any changes, although she was already updated by the medical team every day, and talking with the sister helped to ensure that I was aware of Jane as a person, and also able to make sure that those who needed t o know were involved as much as possible in her care. EMPIRICAL KNOWING. I was aware that institution of high level of PEEP in the ventilator decreases blood return to the heart and cardiac output as the PEEP ventilation generates positive intrathoracic pressure. However, the symptoms persistently suggested hypovolaemia (Kelly, 2005). I was also aware of other issues, such as the need to increase oxygen pressure, but the ABG tests carried out every six hours demonstrated good oxygen pressures. However, I had to learn about the implications of ventilation on the cardiovascular system. â€Å"Ventilation can profoundly alter cardiovascular function via complex, conflicting, and often opposite processes. These processes reflect the interaction between myocardial reserve, ventricular pump function, circulating blood volume, blood flow distribution, autonomic tone, endocrinologic responses, lung volume, intrathoracic pressure (ITP), and the surrounding pressures for the remainder of the circulation†. (Pinsky, 2005 p 592s). One of the most significant issues surrounding empirical knowing in this case was the need to understand all the potential complications of having a patient in such a condition, paralysed and receiving the high levels of PEEP in order to maintain ventilation. The literature shows that there are a number of issues surrounding mechanical ventilation. For example, Putenson et al 2006) state that mechanical ventilation generates an increase in airway pressure and, therefore, an increase in intrathoracic pressure, which may decrease systemic and intra-abdominal organ perfusion, which may have significant effects on homeostasis an organ function. Critically ill patients can therefore develop a systemic inflammatory response that culminates in multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome and death, which suggests that the symptoms that Jane was displaying, and the findings from the electrolyte levels, could have been related to a more serious bodily response to mechanical ventilation. I did not know about this possible response to mechanical ventilation, until I carried out a literature search, and so would not have been aware that the findings were possibly linked to this kind of serious response. Kollef (2004) suggests that for all patients who are intubated/ventilated, there are a number evidence-based interventions which focus on the prevention of aerodigestive tract colonization which can result in one of the serious complications of ventilation, that of ventilator-associated pneumonia. These include avoidance of unnecessary antibiotics, stress ulcer prophylaxis, chlorhexidine oral rinse, selective digestive decontamination, short-course parenteral prophylactic antibiotics in high-risk patients, and the prevention of aspiration of contaminated secretions, with preferred oral intubation, appropriate intensive care unit staffing, avoidance of tracheal intubation with the use of mask ventilation, application of weaning protocols and optimal use of sedation to shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation, semirecumbent positioning, minimization of gastric distension, subglottic suctioning, avoidance of ventilator circuit changes/manipulation, and routine drainage of ventilat or circuit condensate (Kollef, 2004). Obviously a key element of empirical knowing for me in this situation is about the haemodynamic monitoring, which has been so important in assessing this patient (Pinsky, 2003). The literature says that ongoing and dynamic haemodynamic monitoring is important in judging the response to the treatment, including the fluid challenge (Hadian and Pinsky, 2007). Michard (2005) states that â€Å"mechanical ventilation induces cyclic changes in vena cava blood flow, pulmonary artery blood flow, and aortic blood flow. At the bedside, respiratory changes in aortic blood flow are reflected by â€Å"swings† in blood pressure whose magnitude is highly dependent on volume status.† ( p 419). Another element however that is very important is the administration of the fluid challenge. Fluid challenges are common in a range of nursing situations (Vincent and Weil, 2006). According to Michard (2005), â€Å"the expected hemodynamic response to a fluid challenge is an increase in cardiac preload and, according to the Frank-Starling mechanism, an increase in stroke volume and cardiac output† (p 423). This should be evident in a blood pressure increase and a reduced heart rate. However, there is the danger of fluid overload, and therefore administering a fluid challenge must be carried out carefully. Vincent and Weil (2006) propose that fluid challenges should follow a protocol should include four variables: the type of fluid administered; the rate of fluid administration; the critical end points; and the safety limits. The choice of fluid was gelofusine, which is a colloidal fluid useful for volume replacement because of its unique properties (Vincent and Weil, 2006), Vincent and Weil (2006) state that using a structured approach to fluid challenges would be best, in order to correct fluid deficits and minimize the risks associated with fluid overload. It is important to monitor patient response closely (Vincent and Weil, 2006). When gelofusine was given her CVP increased and blood pressure and urine output improved. Her potassium, magnesium sulphate and Phosphate were topped up during my shift, and electrolyte levels were stable. Her heart rate went down to 110bpm since amiodarone infusion was restarted. She was on a few other medications, which potentially affect the potassium levels such as hydrocortisone, insulin actrapid infusion, salbutamol nebuliser and theophyline via NGT, which in addition can also cause arrrhythmias. REFLEXIBILITY. I learned a lot about basic nursing care activities, and in particular, the importance of time management. Time management is an important element of managing such a complex case, because it requires specific measurements, observations and recordings at specific times, whilst also managing emergent issues, maintaining records, and liaison with other members of the multidisciplinary team. Good patient assessment also emerged as a key learning point, and promoting a safe working environment, particularly in relation to all the aspects of care that posed challenges, such as managing drains, lines, infusion machines, monitoring morphine as a controlled substance, and also keeping contemporaneous records. These were all very challenging and made me feel under pressure to somehow keep juggling all the different tasks and demands, and still have time to reflect and think about the overall picture. Record keeping helped with this, but it seemed that critical care of such a patient requires t he development of specific capabilities, which must mean that such multi-tasking and multi-awareness gets easier over time. The level of vigilance required in order to anticipate and be ready for any emergent changes in Jane’s condition was significant, and required a great deal of concentration and focus. I also learned that it was important to work with confidence and collaborate with the multidisciplinary team. However, maintaining communication with the team was very difficult given all the demands on my time. One of the issues here was also whether or not Jane still needed mechanical ventilation, and during this shift, there was no discussion of when or whether she would be weaned off the ventilator. As she was paralysed, there was no indication of whether or not she would be trying to breathe with the ventilator, and how good her respiratory function might be. 12 days on the ventilator is a significant amount of time, and some literature suggests that earlier weaning from ventilator support may be possible in a lot of cases (Dasta et al, 2005). However, there was no indication of this, but similarly, there was no indication that this was a palliative care case (Mularski et al, 2006). If I had had more knowledge and understanding of this kind of nursing, and in particular, of the details and implications of Jane’s condition, I might have considered whether or not, as her advocate, I should be asking about the continued need for ventilation, particularly in the light of other possible approaches, such as non-invasive ventilation (Don et al, 2007). My discussions with other, more experienced members of staff, however, showed that the kinds of knowledge that most informed their care in this situation were experiential knowledge developed over a significant period of time. Therefore, it seemed to me that the empirical knowledge discusses above needed to be tempered with experience, which includes the experiences that come from working with more experienced and knowledgeable colleagues. Another issue which arose was about learning how much of my nursing practice is based upon good communication skills and developing a relationship with the patient, neither of which were useful or appropriate in this case. Although communication with ventilated patients is a focus of critical care nursing (Bergbom-Engberg, and Haljam, 1993), in this case I found it strange to work without including the patient in my care, whilst I also realised that the patient needed my advocacy more than any other, because they could not be involved or speak for themselves. However, the role of the critical care nurse in managing mechanical ventilation is something which became very apparent during this experience. The literature shows that critical care nurses have high levels of autonomy and responsibility in relation to mechanical ventilation, and that â€Å"critical care nurses were responsible for the majority of the decision episodes that resulted in a change to ventilator settings, ranging in complexity from the simple titration of FIO2 to a decision to commence weaning† (Rose et al, 2007 p 440). CONCLUSION This reflection has looked at the care of a client in the critical care nursing sector, who, after an infective exacerbation of COPD had to have a tracheostomy and be ventilated. I identified potential markers of dehydratrion, and presented these conclusions to the doctor in charge, who prescribed regulatory medication and a fluid challenge with Gelofusine. I administered the fluid challenge, infusing at the prescribed rate of 500 mls over 2 hours, and noted an improvement in central venous pressure, blood pressure and mean arterial pressure. An improvement in hourly urine output was also noted. It was also important to monitor electrolyte balance, and arterial blood gases, all of which improved with therapeutic intervention. The care of the client highlighted a number of issues for me as a nurse. The first is the value of this kind of reflection in highlighting my knowledge and my learning processes. Gustafson and Fagerberg (2004) highlight how important structured reflection is to professional development, and in this case, using a structured process of reflection has highlighted my knowledge base, learning needs, learning process, and the application of nursing knowledge which is more than empirical knowledge, to a specific clinical scenario. Jones (1995) suggests that reflection is a part of the development of true nursing expertise. This has proved to be correct in relation to the learning that has occurred during this reflection. It has shown that understanding the effects of mechanical ventilation required more than simply monitoring observations and test values, but understanding that ventilation can affect cardiovascular function, and that this can be affected by haemodynamic status. Although pre vious knowledge and experience indicated that the patient’s condition was likely due to hypovolaemia (potentially secondary to dehydration), there were a number of other mechanisms that might have affected this. It also became apparent that the role of the nurse in this situation is more than to simply monitor vital signs and infusions, ventilator functions, urine output and general wellbeing, attending to the activities of daily living. When a patient is paralysed and ventilated, unconscious due to sedation, the role of the nurse is to act in their stead, in their best interests, to be their advocate and to ensure plans of care are implemented which not only meet patient needs but anticipate them. Rolfe (2005) describes reflective practice as a deconstructive process, which allows nurses to question practice and ways of working. This process has identified a range of nursing issues related to this case, and shown that nothing is a simple matter of managing one condition in critical care nursing, it is part of an overall focus on patient-centred care. References Bergbom-Engberg, I. and Haljam, H. (1993) The communication process with ventilator patients in the ICU as perceived by the nursing staff. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing 9 (1) 40-59. Bridges, E.J. (2008) Arterial Pressure-Based Stroke Volume and Functional Hemodynamic Monitoring. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 23(2):105-112. This article is not included in your organizations subscription. However, you may be able to access this article under your organizations agreement with Elsevier. Dasta, J.F., McLaughlin, T.P., Mody, S.H. and Piech, C.T. (2005) Daily cost of an intensive care unit day: The contribution of mechanical ventilation. Critical Care Medicine. 33(6):1266-1271. Don, D.S., Wong, E., Mayers, I. et al (2007) Effects of nocturnal non-invasive mechanical ventilation on heart rate variability of patients with advanced COPD. Chest 131 156-163. Gustafsson, C. and Fagerberg, I. (2004) Reflection: the way to professional development? Journal of Clinical Nursing 13 271-280. Hadian, M. and Pinksy, M.R. (2007) Functional hemodynamic monitoring. Current Opinion in Critical Care. 13(3):318-323. Jones, P.R. (1995) Hindsight bias in reflective practice: an empirical investigation. Journal of Advanced Nursing 21 (4) 783–788. Kelley, D. (205) Hypovolemic Shock: An Overview. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly. 28(1):2-19. Kollef, M.H. (2004) Prevention of hospital-associated pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Critical Care Medicine. 32(6):1396-1405. Michard, F. (2005) Changes in arterial pressure during mechanical ventilation. Anesthesiology 103 419-428. Mularski, R.A., Curtis, J.R., Billings, J.A. et al (2006) Proposed quality measures for palliative care in the critically ill: A consensus from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Critical Care Workgroup. Critical Care Medicine. Improving the Quality of End-of-Life Care in the ICU. 34(11) Suppl:S404-S411. Pinsky, M.R. (2005) Cardiovascular Issues in Respiratory Care. Chest 2005;128 592-597. Pinsky, M.R. (2003) Hemodynamic monitoring in the intensive care unit Clinics in Chest Medicine 24 (4) Pages 549-560 Polanco, P.M. and Pinsky, M.R. (2006) Practical Issues of Hemodynamic Monitoring at the Bedside Surgical Clinics of North America 86 (6) 1431-1456 This article is not included in your organizations subscription. However, you may be able to access this article under your organizations agreement with Elsevier. Putensen, C., Wrigge, H. and Herin, R. (2006) The effects of mechanical ventilation on the gut and abdomen. Current Opinion in Critical Care. 12(2):160-165. Rolfe, G. (2005) The deconstructing angel: nursing, reflection and evidence-based practice Nursing Inquiry 12 (2), 78–86. Rose, L, Nelson, S., Johnston, L. and Presneill, J.J. (2007) Decisions made by critical care nurses during mechanical ventilation andweaning in an australian intensive care unit. American Journal Of Critical Care, 16 (5) 43-54. Vincent, J-L. and Weil, M.H. (2006) Fluid challenge revisited. Critical Care Medicine. 34(5):1333-1337.

History of Microsoft :: essays research papers

History of Microsoft   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My research paper is going to be on whether or not Microsoft should be broken up by the Justice Department. In order to understand what is going on in the trial, you need to know the history of Microsoft. Without knowing the history of Microsoft, there would be no way of forming an accurate opinion of whether Microsoft should be broken up or not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Microsoft first came into existence in 1975 and was founded by William H. Gates III(Bill Gates) and Paul Allen. The first product that they produced was the first version of the BASIC programming language for the Altair, which was the first personal computer. Microsoft then licensed BASIC to other companies, such as Apple Computer, Commodore, and Tandy Corporation. In 1977, Microsoft released its second language product, Microsoft FORTRAN.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Microsoft got its biggest break in 1980, when IBM chose Microsoft to write the operating system for the IBM PC personal computer. This was historically the biggest turning point for Microsoft. When the deal was made, Microsoft didn’t yet have an operating system to sell to IBM. Microsoft then purchased an operating system from a Seattle programmer and renamed it MS-DOS(Microsoft Disk Operating System.) During the meeting with IBM, Bill Gates was very crafty and convinced IBM to let Microsoft license MS-DOS to other computer manufacturers. That is why there are many clones of the IBM PC today. That move made MS-DOS the standard operating system for personal computers and skyrocketed Microsoft’s growth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1984, Microsoft became on of the first established software companies to develop software for the Apple Macintosh. By that time Microsoft had an office suite of applications that included Word, Excel, and Works. That move gave Microsoft experience in developing applications for GUI’s(Graphical User Interface.) In 1985, Microsoft used that knowledge and release the first version of Windows. Windows was a shell of DOS, which means that it ran over DOS and extended the features of DOS, and employed a graphical user interface. Windows 2.0 was released in 1987. Windows 2.0 had improved performance and offered a new visual appearance. In 1990, Microsoft released Windows 3.0, which was followed by Windows 3.1 and 3.11. The Windows 3.x line rapidly became the most widely used operating systems. Also in 1990, Microsoft became the first personal-computer software company to record $1 billion in annual sales.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Microsoft was soon accused of monopolistic business practices. In 1990 the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) began investigating Microsoft for alleged anticompetitive practices.

A Job Application Letter Essay

Paragraph One tells where you found the job opportunity and what the job title is. I am writing in response to your advertisement in the January 16 Philadelphia Inquirer. I believe that my academic training at Drexel University in Electrical Engineering, along with my experience with RCA Advanced Technology Laboratory, would qualify me for the position of programmer. Paragraph Two details your education credentials. Make special note of those skills the employer has mentioned in the job ad. My education at Drexel University has given me a strong background in computer hardware and system design. I have concentrated on digital and computer applications, developing and designing computer and signal-processing hardware in two graduate-level engineering courses. For my senior-design project, I am working with four other undergraduates in using OO programming techniques to enhance the path-planning software for an infrared night-vision robotics application. Paragraph Three contains your work experience. Again, note skills the employer wants in an employee. While working at RCA, I applied my computer experience to the field of the VLSI design. In one project I used my background in LISP to develop and test new LISP software used in the automated production of VLSI standard cell family databooks. In another project, I used CAD software on a VAX to evaluate IC designs. The last paragraph gives your phone number, email, and time you can be reached. Also, make mention of your resume. The enclosed resume provides an overview of my education and experience. I would like to meet with you at your convenience to discuss my qualifications for this position. Please write to me at the above address or leave a message anytime at (215) 555-5876.

The Advanced Agriculture Essay Guide

The Advanced Agriculture Essay Guide Agriculture includes the cultivation and breeding plants, mushrooms, and animals for fiber, food, biofuel, medicines, and other products used to improve and maintain peoples lives. That is why the variety of topics you can choose to write an essay on agriculture is quite wide. It is not just the topics but also the history of agriculture that is quite long-term and diverse. Therefore, if you want to write an agriculture essay, you will have to face a lot of information concerning the history and technical terms of this particular topic. In addition, the style in which you write your essay on agriculture should be objective and insightful. When you get familiar with the field of agriculture, you have to understand that these kinds of tasks are given to you to test and improve your skills. Therefore, when you receive an assignment to write an agriculture essay, you need to answer the following paramount questions first: What do you already know about agriculture? What are its basics? How deep is your understanding of the topic? With what particular sphere of agriculture are you most familiar? How practical is your knowledge? What will be the result of your research, and what is its value? You should keep these questions in mind during the process of planning and writing for they will help structure your thoughts and build a nice outline of your paper. Picking a Relevant Issue for an Agriculture Essay Although agriculture is a broad field of study, it is important to narrow the topic of your essay. It should be open enough to write the needed amount of content about it as well as specific enough to be clear and precise. Overall, your topic will be more or less narrow depending on the length of your essay. Of course, you do not have to be a farmer or a professor of agriculture to be able to write a good essay on this topic. However, you definitely should be familiar with the background on the issue you choose to be able to organize information in a coordinated manner. Now, let us present you some popular agriculture paper topics that will help you choose the direction in which you want to move and give you some ideas. We have divided the topics by different agriculture spheres for your convenience. Animals Breeding and Cultivation The Best Feed for Pigs to Enhance Flavor McDonald’s as the Largest Producer of Beef in the U.S. What Chemicals can Enhance the Life of Cows Bred for Consumption? Medicinal Plants The Best Environment for the Growth of Medical Marijuana How to Develop the Best Lavender for Aromatherapy Everyday Life Corporations that Have Ruined Family Farming Zero budget Natural Farming: Need of the Hour Biofuels Biofuels from Non-arable Lands The Effectiveness of Ethanol as a Biofuel Types of Farming Agroforestry: Forest Farming Farming in the Mountains Creating Your Own Greenhouse There you go! As soon as you decide on the topic, it is crucial to understand how exactly you should structure the information, and which concepts you need to keep in mind while analyzing it. It might be a challenging process, but we got you! Just keep reading our guide to find all the key tips that will definitely come in handy. The Main Terms of Agriculture Essay Writing When reflecting upon a particular topic, you need to map your thoughts on paper. To help you do that, we have identified the most important terms of the agriculture essay writing. Analyze. That is merely the most important part of essay writing. To make your paper logical and consistent, you need to break the topic into parts. That means looking at each part in depth using supporting arguments and evidence for and against as well as how they relate to one another. Examine. Consider close details and establish important issues and key facts about the issue. It should be a critical evaluation, and you should be able to offer reasons as to why the facts and issues you have identified are of the greatest importance; you have to explain the ways they could be understood as well. Explain. This part is about clarifying a topic by giving detailed information on how and why it occurs or what it means in a particular context. Besides, your writing should demonstrate clarity so that complex issues or sequences of events could be understandable, including the identification of the key terms where appropriate. Interpret. Here, you should show your understanding of an issue or topic you have chosen. It can include the use of particular terminology or the suggestions concerning the findings from a piece of research you did. It implies that you comment on any significant patterns and causal relationships in the topic you are covering. Justify. Depending on the topic you chose, develop a case by providing evidence to back up your ideas and points of view. If you want to present a valid argument, try to consider opinions which may be contrary to your own before drawing conclusions. Our Experts Share Three Crucial Components of an Agriculture Essay Any text, whether its a thesis, abstract, article, story or essay, should have a clear structure. The essay differs by the relative freedom of creativity. However, we all know the more freedom, the more responsibility. Receiving this very freedom, you must think over the structure of the future essay yourself. It largely depends on the goals, the form, the type, the amount of work. Essay-narration will begin with a string, and an essay-illustration will start with one or several theses. As for analytical essays, they will have to be structured in accordance with the laws of logic. The structure can be easily thought through but its better to take a sheet of paper and sketch out a rough plan. The plan is the skeleton of your text that will help you build up the flesh. So, here is a structure you should consider when writing your agriculture essay: 1. Introduction By ‘introduction’ we mean the first two paragraphs. Do not treat them formally. The first paragraph or the first part introduces the reader into the course of the issue discussed and the problem to which the essay is devoted. Don’t jump into a lengthy introduction up to two paragraphs will be enough. 2. The Main Body The main part of your agriculture essay writing requires the most attention. Especially when drawing up an essay plan. The main body of your essay may have a different structure: Thesis-argumentation, thesis-argumentation, thesis-argumentation, and so on. In this case, you deliver a thought, and then you prove it. Thesis and several arguments (facts). If you choose this approach, one idea should be confirmed by several illustrations. The thesis can be placed both at the beginning, and after these illustrations. Reverse structure (facts-conclusions). In this case, you should describe the situation or give facts and draw a conclusion. A thesis a short finished thought. An argument is the proof of the thesis. It can come from a life situation, news, a scientists opinion, a scientific theory or any fact proven by science. Ideally, one thesis should be confirmed by two arguments. One may seem unconvincing, and three will overload the text. However, it depends on the required length of your essay. 3. Conclusion In summary, you summarize everything that was said through the essay. It is important that the conclusions do not arise out of nowhere. More Tips to Enhance Your Writing Skills Now, you know how to choose the topic and structure the information. However, it is not enough for your essay to be perfect. There are significant details that you have to mind so your text flows the way it should. âÅ"“ Paragraphs Each paragraph should cover only one aspect of the main topic. Two paragraphs can deal with different aspects, but be interrelated. For example, cause and effect, positive and negative sides, state of affairs before or after. âÅ"“ Quotes When you quote a book or another written source or even transmit information in your own words, you must specify the authors name and the date of publication. For instance: ‘According to Smith (2018), writing a good essay might be difficult at times, but definitely possible.’ âÅ"“ Arguments Each of your thoughts should have support in the form of arguments, vivid examples, statistics, etc. Your written work should show the teacher that you know what is what about the problem. âÅ"“ Lightness An essay is a written expression of your thoughts on a particular topic, and it is important not to forget about the delicacy. Depending on the topic, your agriculture essay may touch a slippery issue of politics or international relations, so remember to state your point of view tolerantly and politely. In this case, it is better to adhere to the formal tone and avoid the manifestation of emotions. âÅ"“ Style Do not abuse complex words, terms, and expressions. In general, try to write short simple sentences, from time to time including the longer ones. The goal is to present the issue clearly so that the reader can easily follow the course of thought not being distracted by extraneous reasoning. âÅ"“ Conclusion Remember that a good conclusion is not a plain summary. It should be a thoughtful completion of the work, for example, the application of the written material to the real situation. It can also be a short list of basic ideas. It is worth turning to the introduction and drawing parallels with the help of the same keywords or images, but using a different formulation. Different types of essays require different conclusions. In a short work, there is no need for a detailed repetition of the main ideas, but in a longer one, it may be necessary. At the same time, there is something you should avoid in the conclusion of your essay completely new ideas. If you have anything important to add, go back to the main part. We highly recommend you to consider these tips before you start writing. However, after you finished your essay, the work does not stop here. You should know how to proofread your essay. Have doubts? Move on to our next chapter! Polish the Paper to Perfection It is very important to read the essay several times, even if you think you do not have to correct much. You can also use a text editor to help you find and fix spelling errors, but it does not mean you can skip the rereading procedure. No text editor is able to evaluate the cohesion of your piece and the way the sentences flow. Before you finish the work, put it off for a couple of hours (or even for a day); then, return to it with a fresh look. This is another reason why you should start writing essays in advance, having enough time to polish the paper. Have a look at the picture below to learn how an average essay writing process looks like. Essays are not created equal, and you have to do your best when working on a paper for the first time. If the next assignment you are to deal with is an agriculture essay, make use of these agriculture essay writing tips to stay assured you follow the right way.

Biography of Malcolm Gladwell, Writer

Biography of Malcolm Gladwell, Writer English-born Canadian journalist, author, and speaker Malcolm Timothy  Gladwell is known for his articles and books that identify, approach and explain the unexpected implications of social science research. In addition to his writing work, he is the podcast host of  Revisionist History. Early Life Malcolm Gladwell was born on September 3, 1963, in  Fareham,  Hampshire, England  to a father who was a mathematics professor, Graham Gladwell, and his mother Joyce Gladwell, a Jamaican psychotherapist. Gladwell grew up in Elmira, Ontario, Canada. He studied at the University of Toronto and received his bachelors degree in History in 1984 before moving to the U.S. to become a journalist. He initially covered business and science at the Washington Post where he worked for nine years. He began freelancing at The New Yorker before being offered a position as a staff writer there in 1996.   Malcolm Gladwell’s Literary Work In 2000, Malcolm Gladwell took a phrase that had up until that point been most frequently associated with epidemiology and single-handedly realigned it in all of our minds as a social phenomenon. The phrase was tipping point, and Gladwells breakthrough pop-sociology book of the same name was about why and how some ideas spread like social epidemics. became a social epidemic itself and continues to be a bestseller. Gladwell followed with Blink (2005), another book in which he examined a social phenomenon by dissecting numerous examples to arrive at his conclusions. Like The Tipping Point, Blink claimed a  basis in research, but it was still written in a breezy and accessible voice that give Gladwells writing popular appeal. Blink is about the notion of rapid cognition - snap judgments and how and why people make them. The idea for the book came to Gladwell after he noticed that he was experiencing social repercussions as a result of growing out his afro (prior to that point, he had kept his hair close-cropped). Both The Tipping Point and Blink were phenomenal bestsellers and his third book, Outliers (2008), took the same bestselling track. In Outliers, Gladwell once again synthesizes the experiences of numerous individuals in order to move beyond those experiences to arrive at a social phenomenon that others hadnt noticed, or at least hadnt popularized in the way that Gladwell has proved adept at doing. In compelling narrative form, Outliers examines the role that environment and cultural background play in the unfolding of great success stories. Gladwells fourth book,  What the Dog Saw: And Other Adventures (2009) gathers Gladwells favorite articles from  The New Yorker  from his time as a staff writer with the publication. The stories play with the common theme of perception as Gladwell tries to show the reader the world through the eyes of others - even if the point of view happens to be that of a dog. His most recent publication,  David and Goliath (2013), was inspired in part by an article that Gladwell penned for  The New Yorker  in 2009 called How David Beats Goliath. This fifth book from Gladwell focuses on the contrast of advantage and probability of success amongst the underdogs from varying situations, the most well-known story concerning the biblical David and Goliath. Although the book didnt receive intense critical acclaim, it was a bestseller and hit No. 4 on  The New York Times  hardcover non-fiction chart, and No. 5 on USA Todays best-selling books.

Viewpoints of each anthropologists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Viewpoints of each anthropologists - Essay Example Specific jobs allotted to men and women, who according to their natural skills and behavior; fulfill them. People make culture through their inclinations and behavior. The most influencing human beings in any society impose their thoughts; not only through their words but also through their actions; which they believe in. Literature and arts depict the deep understanding and believes; in a cultural system. This not only provides the formula of kinship but also determines the prohibitions in different scenarios. Incest prohibition; for an instance is a natural law or a socio-cultural decorum, developed later, anthropologist and ethno historians’ researches show perplexed statements about it. However, it is present since the oldest times, Huron people prohibited cousin marriage. Communication of thoughts and ideas conveyed from one generation to the other defines the general behavior or attitude of people in a cultural system. Levis ideology may sound obscure at the time it was presented, but as the time passed; it became essentially acceptable by Anthropologist of modern era. Ethics and behavior play a great role in balancing a society. Norms act as unspoken rules and therefore people obey them to sustain the balance. People try to understand these customs through their close relations. Therefore relations are necessary for people to understand a cultural system. People usually assert age or sex in mind to judge or predict; less understood relations. Levi didn’t use the notion of relations directly, but used nature and culture which molds a person in a certain cultural system. Nature doesnt nourish what requires by a society; but culture does make a person aware of implications around or on him. Although the importance of relationships, especially blood relations and their direct impact through interaction with other kin of the family may effect adversely if they are not structurally in correct order. However, the incest is not

Business Strategy Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Strategy Questions - Essay Example In many companies and organisations, however, this area of social responsibility is often not identified as a major or separate functional area; instead the responsibility is vested on an individual or managing staff, which frequently performs within the human resources management area. (Anderson, 1989, p. 15) Most companies find it no simple matter to formulate and implement socially responsible actions and programs; however, all companies must become concerned and involved in this area. To operate without major disruptions, a company must at all times be in compliance with legal requirements international, federal, state, and local. It must develop, establish, implement, and police a code of ethical and moral conduct for all members of its organisation. In the area of implementing activities on behalf of CSR, where there is considerably more latitude of operations in how, when, where, and even if the company or division wants to contribute money or other resources to 'worthy causes', the firm must deliberate about and resolve many questions prior to establishing fair and workable guidelines. Gone are the 'showing damn to public' attitudes once held by some companies. With a more active government and populace, company social responsibility in each of the three major areas has continued to gain greater concern and prominence over the past several decades. Social responsibility will continue to take more time, money, consideration, and concern in all future management decisions and actions. Diverse managerial skills, ranging from simple to highly complex, are required in all of these areas of social responsibility. It is the social and moral responsibility of an organisation to consider and recognise the rights or interests of various stakeholders first, not only stockholders and employees but also outsiders affected by the company's actions. Among outsiders include customers, suppliers, governments, unions, competitors, local communities, and the general public whereas stakeholder groups justifiably expect and often demand that the firm satisfy their claims in a responsible manner. In general, stockholders claim appropriate returns on their investment; employees seek broadly defined job satisfactions; customers want what they pay for; suppliers seek dependable buyers; unions seek benefit for their members; local communities want the company to be a responsible citizen; and the general public expects the company's existence to improve the quality of life. To be successful in today's business environment, which is dynamic and complex at the same time, organisations must attempt to incorporate t he interests of these groups when defining their strategy or making business decisions. (Sims, 2003, p. 40) To build an enduring and resilient competitive advantage, an organisation must establish strong relationships with all of its key stakeholders due to the fact that no organisations in today's infrastructure can afford to ignore certain other specialised and highly influential groups which include government agencies that look at organisation compliance with regulatory standards, financial-ratings